The Last 100 Days free essay sample

The Last 100 Days, portrays the final occurrences of World War II in Europe in a way no high school textbook has ever been able to do. Unfortunately, there have been those whom I have encountered that have reduced The Last 100 Days to having the same dulling effects as one. However, upon reading it, my own opinions and conclusions were made. These will be covered more deeply upon first describing the author and then summarizing what I thought to be the major happenings of the book. Firstly, John Toland’s book seems to be a pure representation of fact based on diligent research. The personal opinions of the author are not present while reading the book, leaving it completely objective. This shows how Toland’s purpose is to inform and educate, rather than to indoctrinate. He presents both sides while passing no judgment on either, even while describing malicious acts such as the Red Army’s mistreatment of the fleeing civilians or the evidently foolish mistakes made by Hitler and his officers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Last 100 Days or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Last 100 Days is a narrative, and that’s all. John Toland puts forth an honorable work demonstrating qualities scarcely seen today in other works, the media, and even within our own government. Based on my reading of The Last 100 Days, John Toland would seem to be a truthful, while still purposeful, author. John Toland also does not fail in keeping the progression of the story interesting. With his research, he delves into how the opposing sides, factions, and individual characters feel. This keeps things captivating while simultaneously reporting the statistics and occurrences of the war. Toland demonstrates his writing ability, leaving the impression of a talented historic author. Moving on, the major happenings of The Last 100 Days shall now be covered. The story first opens with a description of the state of Allied POW’s at Sagan, most likely to show the severe conditions at this of World War II. There seems to still be a small chances for Germany, but it is faced with the pressing forces coming from the surrounding Allies, especially the Russians. The Russians unnecessarily demonstrated ruthlessness and even at times cruelty during their advancement including the execution of unarmed and injured German POW’s at Wugarten. This showed how even the seemingly â€Å"good guys† can be malicious during times of war. In the midst of this terror among many others, Germany’s eventual defeat becomes evident and several Allied countries meet at Yalta. At this meeting, the objectives include creating cooperation for a lasting peace and break down any walls preventing this. Britain and American threats continue to become larger as the prominent efforts made by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill help Allied forces cross the Rhine. Losing ground, Hitler launches a failed last offensive at the Battle of the Bulge, and continues to fall with the Russians taking Vienna, Lepzig being taken, and other losses. American president Franklin Delano Roosevelt passes away towards the final days the war in Europe, and is replaced by Harry Truman. Hitler begins to mentally collapse, and makes poor decisions for Germany. The commanders of Hitler’s army start to disobey Hitler’s orders as they realize the error of his decisions. Hitler realizes his inevitable defeat and humiliation and commits suicide prior to the Russians taking Berlin, Germany’s capital. What’s left of Hitler’s command surrendered and the Allies claimed victory on May 7, 1945. After reading about the final days the war in Europe from a different perspective, I’m left to decide what it meant to me. Many things I had no idea about came to the surface for me, so it was most definitely learning experience. The Last 100 Days helped to me to see things that happened in the war in a different way. It wasn’t the usual great men of valor triumphing over the evil Germans. That was probably my most favorite part of the book. I think that Toland did a nice job of bringing unknown facts and perspectives to light. In conclusion, reading The Last 100 Days was a stimulating and enlightening experience.

Little Big Man Essay essays

Little Big Man Essay essays Jack Crabb, as described by Ralph Fielding Snell, is a cynical man, uncouth, unscrupulous, and when necessary, even ruthless (p.439). However, as the narration unfolds it becomes evident that Jack Crabb is much more than that. He is a colorful character, with a well full of experiences and adventures to draw from. Throughout his life (the first thirty four years in particular) Jack Crabb plays many roles on the frontier such as adopted an Cheyenne, a buffalo hunter, an Indian scout, a gunfighter, and an uncle. What differentiates Jack from his fellow frontiersmen is that while in appearance he is wholly white, inside he is also spiritually and emotionally connected to the Indian way of life. From the beginning, Jack is placed in a strange and vaguely defined world. His father is a preacher who ironically gives his sermons in a saloon to a rough crowd of pickpockets, bullyboys, whores, and suchlike (p.1) As they travel in the open country, Jack, his family, and the pioneers they are traveling with encounter a band of Cheyenne Indians. With good intentions they offer them whiskey, which results in chaos. In the confusion thereafter, Jack and his sister are taken by the Indians and forced to leave their mother and brother behind. Although Caroline escapes the night after arriving at the Indian camp, Jack stays and is adopted into the tribe of Cheyenne and their culture. In most cases it is hard to clearly define Jacks hopes and achievements because, as stated in the introduction, Jacks achievements are Cheyenne, and his aspirations are white (p.xviii). The word achievement is subjective. For example, Jack is the only white person to survive the Battle of Little Big Horn, which in itself is a huge accomplishment, but when it is viewed from the Indian aspect it takes a different twist due to the fact that this battle also marks the end of the Plains I...

The Nursing Shortage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Nursing Shortage - Essay Example Unless some wise decisions are taken which result in increasing the nurse population, the ageing general public will have a hard time in the future when they need the services of a nurse. My friend Thomas, when he had an ankle injury recently while playing basketball, had to wait in the hospital emergency room for a long time till he was attended to. The reason for his long wait: there were too few nurses, and they were all too busy. This is the story in all hospitals in the country. There is a dire shortage of nurses throughout the world. and it is affecting the health services everywhere. Fewer young women are opting to take up nursing as their profession. Considered one of the noblest professions, nursing has traditionally been the territory of women. Ever since the well born Florence Nightingale took up nursing in the late nineteenth century, it has attracted intelligent, educated and dedicated women . Although there are male nurses who are indispensable, their numbers are very small. The nurse is the indispensable helpmeet of the doctor and the patient. Her work is manifold- She helps the physician in his office, she cleans and bandages minor injuries, and gives emotional support to the patient. She can even help a pregnant woman in her labor. She teaches the patient's family how to take care of the patient. Nurses write detailed report of the patient's symptoms which helps the physician to diagnose the illness and treat the patient. Some nurses work in the operating theater. The operating surgeon relies on the nurse to assist him while he is doing the surgery. The nurse in the Intensive Care unit has a different set of duties than the nurse in the Trauma Center. A trained nurse is indispensable for the care of the seriously ill patient. Many patients become emotionally dependent on their nurse. According to a report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Home health nurses go to peoples' homes to help them. Flight nurses fly in helicopters to get to sick people in emergencies. "(BLA report p1) Any shortage in the number of trained Registered Nurses will be a catastrophe which should be avoided at all costs. The twenty first century is witnessing such a shortage of nurses worldwide. The reasons for the diminishing number of nurses are many. Steps must be taken immediately to arrest the shortage of nurses by all concerned so that the nurses and the public will not suffer.. The job of the nurse, besides being stressful, is emotionally exhausting. As Hingley says in The Nursing Mirror, "Every day the nurse confronts stark suffering, grief and death as few other people do. Many nursing tasks are mundane and unrewarding. Many are, by normal standards, distasteful and disgusting. Others are often degrading, some are simply frightening"(Hingly ) The daily confrontation with death and disease takes a heavy toll on the nurse's physical and emotional health. Being constantly exposed to various kinds of infection, the nurse is always in danger of catching one. She has to be extra vigilant in avoiding infection. The tasks a nurse has to do in the course of the day are sometimes disgusting. She has to put up a stoic front and do the task satisfactorily. Many times, the patients

Will be provide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Will be provide - Essay Example The steady-state gain and the time constant were determined by performing two trials using variant voltage inputs in the step input part of the experiment. The time constants for the first and the second trial were 0.196s and 0.176s respectively. Through dividing the change in the output voltage by the input voltage, the steady-state gain was determined. The relationship or connection between the natural frequency and the damping ratio could be seen in the position control section of the experiment. There was an increase in the natural frequency and a decrease in the damping ratio as the error feedback increased. When a comparison of the observed data was made to the theoretically obtained values, the difference was approximately double. When the error feedback was more that 90%, the system seemed unstable. Upon the introduction of tacho feedback, while keeping the error feedback constant, a significant increase in the damping ratio was observed. The system was damped and indicated a faster response with the tacho feedback. The experiment proved to be so useful as it enabled the observation of characteristics and relationships of the servo-motor control though the theoretical values differed slightly with the experimental values Calculations involving the steady-state parameters were done in the initial experiment. The tachogenerator and motor speed gains were determined by plotting graphs of tachogenerator voltage vs. motor speed and motor speed vs. input voltage. Tachogenerator gain was found to be 1.6579 V/(rad/s) with the motor speed recording a 12.564 (rad/s)/ V gain. An analysis of graph 4.4.1.2 and Graph 4.4.1.1 depicted a constant linear relationship. With increasing motor speed, the voltage of the tachogenerator increased. An increase in the input voltage also led to an increase in the motor speed. The graphs 4.4.1.3 and graph 4.4.1.4 showed the plot of feedback pot and position pot against the servo angle. The plot of feedback pot

Logistics business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Logistics business - Essay Example In my business, I opted in the import of vehicles business. The business is planned according to the requirements of the federal government. The first step that I looked is the partnership between local traders who are essential to the business survival. They are the main consumer of the imported goods hence the important to partner with them. Import business is essential to any nation around the world since no country can survive on its own. In my business, we use clearance services and shipping services that make importing the vehicles easy and flawless. Complete customs clearance is offered to my client’s special requirements. On the on other hand, after buying the vehicle the entire process is handled by team of professionals within the company. The services have enables the company to beat other competitors in terms of market competence. In details concerning the services offered, it is a requirement that the vehicle must be admissible to the US and customers always check to comply. After that the notice is submitted to the customs department before the transaction is affected (http://worldtraderef.com) . There are also charges that are required from the customers, for example 5% GST among other charges. The business also require different documents from the clients such as bill of sale, certificate of title or producer’s certificate of source, and recall clearance letter. In any business, customer care service is a key factor to help the business in maintains good relationship with customers and other stakeholders. Handling the whole process of car import to the customer is an important strategy to help the business gain more clients hence more income profit for the business. It also encourages customer loyalty to the business. Staying in touch with the customer is an important strategy that helps the business understands the needs of the customer and where to improve for the benefit of

The Human Resources Management at Toyota

The Human Resources Management at Toyota Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the worlds second largest successful companies in making automobiles by sales and production after General Motors. The secret behind their success is that TMC management has relied on the right selection for their employees whereby TMC can differentiate between applicants which one can fill a particular job in terms of their performance in the job to achieve balance and harmony between the requirements and duties of the job and between their attributes, qualifications and characteristics as well as development of the human element which enables careers development in the organization because achieving the goals depends on it which is considered the most valuable resources to the management and the most influential in productivity at all. Also, TMC administration develops and improves the HR as it is the cornerstone to enhance the organization capacity and enable the organization to keep up with current and future challenges because they believe that HR is the reason for high profits or low profits in any corporation. HR can strongly contribute in achieving any corporation objectives and make it p rofitable and can be a financial burden on the corporation. TMC creates a good working environment for their employees and provide them with more career opportunities beside providing them with Øلن¦ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ © ÙˆØلن¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ © incentives to mobilize their productivity and creativity. Also they organize educational programs. Moreover, the administration is committed to train and develop all of their employees through training programs because they believe that learning is essential to increase the efficiency of the organization and the employees, so TMC and its subsidiaries provides appropriate opportunities for its employees to pursue higher education and specialization in their fields. As to achieve the best investment in HR, TMC has developed a comprehensive policy for transferring and reassigning among their branches and offices in the world. Analyst in the automobiles sector estimated that if Toyota continued this way it will overcome General Motors and become the first largest automobiles manufacturer in the world. Three keys of HRM activities I would like to work in private sector organizations, and Toyota is one of these organizations. Their Human Resources Department Functions are interesting because it includes a variety of activities and they can manage all the HR functions. Compensation and Benefits Salaries, bonuses, sick leave pay, compensations of workers and insurance such as dental and life are covered by compensation and benefits. Developing and administrating a benefits compensation system are the responsibilities of TMC HR Dept. this system serves as an inducement and make them to guarantee that the recruitment and the retirement of talented and skilled employees will stay in the organization. The compensation and benefit manager explains for the hired employees their benefits package by meeting one by one or in small groups. Finally, employees are obligated to make an informed decision and their signature is needed for processing purposes. Employee and Labour Relations These days the unethical practices and misbehaviour has increased in workplace, this includes race, gender, religion discrimination and sexual harassments. TMC ensures that all of there employees are fairly treated according to their compulsory abidance to the law rules and regulations. Concisely, if there were any authority abuses by the supervisor to lower employees, they have a place to turn on and the TMC HR Department will get involved as arbitrator and liaison the employees and legal entity to solve this issue in a proper way. Safety and Health TMC is concerned for their employees overall physical and mental well-being and believes that healthy employees will provide the cornerstone for better quality of life. So, they do their best to provide them with additional opportunities and their families to receive medical treatment which will contribute to life quality for employees and maintain the effective contribution to the organization. HRM academic models Harvard Model This model sees that employees as resources but not like other resources as they cannot be managed. In other words, it concentrate on people outcomes and business performance and stakeholder interests are does not ranked This model states that diversity of the personal relation activities can be dealt with four human resources categories or polices Human resource flow This is about managing people flows into and out of the corporation which means decisions are made on recruitment, selection, placement and promotion. Employee influence This is bout how much authority, responsibility, and power is willingly delegated by the management and by whom. Reward Systems States how employees get rewarded for their work whether it was externally or internally and these rewards should be pay systems and benefits such as health insurance. These leads to motivation and employees job satisfaction. Work system Is the arrangement of people, information, activities and technology in all of the organization levels. These four HR policies, leads to other HR policies which are called the four Cs and these 4Cs are commitment, competence, congruence and cost effectiveness. I believe that TMC follow the Harvard Model because And agree or DIS both are committed to employees; needs as long as the measures taken to meet those needs remain consistent with the strategy of the organization and management aims. Guest claims his model is more straightforward that the Harvard model because he simply prescribes that improved implementation of just seven HRM policies will result in better HR outcomes Hard approach This model considered hard HRM one because it emphasizes that employees are treated as means to achieve the strategy of the organization. This approach focuses on the organization and how can it respond to the external environment. This approach argues that Human Recourses cycle affects the individual and organization performance. And there are four functions which are: Selection Select people who are able to perform a job in a best way Appraisal Appraising the employee performance to facilitate the fair distribution of rewards and linking these rewards to high levels of management Rewards Development Enhance employees current performance likewise to prepare them to perform in future positions that they might hold. Harder approach is considered hard HRM as it is based on strategic control, orgnizational structure and managing people systems conclusion Works Cited Baehr, Ann. Human Resources Development. 2010. 27 9 2010 . Human Resources Managment Contribution. 26 9 2010 < http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Human-Resources-Management-Contribution/289845>. Liker, Jeffrey K. and Michael Hoseus. Human Resources Executive Online. 1 11 2008. 28 9 2010 . McNamara, Carter. Human Resources Management. 27 9 2010 . Objectives of Human Resources Managment. 4 10 2010 . Strategic Human Resources In World Airline Industry. 30 9 2010 . Toyota. 27 9 2010 . Appendix 1 SEDD Organizational Structure

Heroism in Stephen Cranes The Red Badge of Courage Essays -- Red Badg

Heroism in Stephen Crane's The Red Badge of Courage      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The world of Stephen Crane's fiction is a cruel, lonely place. Man's environment shows no sympathy or concern for man; in the midst of a battle in The Red Badge of Courage "Nature had gone tranquilly on with her golden process in the midst of so much devilment" (89). Crane frequently anthropomorphizes the natural world and turns it into an agent actively working against the survival of man. From the beginning of "The Open Boat" the waves are seen as "wrongfully and barbarously abrupt and tall" (225) as if the waves themselves had murderous intent. During battle in The Red Badge of Courage the trees of the forest stretched out before Henry and "forbade him to pass. After its previous hostility this new resistance of the forest filled him with a fine bitterness" (104). More omnipresent than the mortal sense of opposition to nature, however, is the mortal sense of opposition to other men. Crane portrays the Darwinian struggle of men as forcing one man again st another, not only for the preservation of one's life, but also the preservation of one's sense of self-worth. Henry finds hope for escape from this condition in the traditional notion that "man becomes another thing in a battle"†¹more selfless and connected to his comrades (73). But the few moments in Crane's stories where individuals rise above self-preservation are not the typically heroicized moments of battle. Crane revises the sense of the heroic by allowing selfishness to persist through battle. Only when his characters are faced with the absolute helplessness of another human do they rise above themselves. In these grim situations the characters are reminded of their more fundamental opp... ...erryman, John, Stephen Crane:   A Critical Biography.   1950.   Rpt. In Discovering Authors.   Vers. 1.0. CD-ROM.   Detriot:   Gale, 1992. Bloom, Harold, ed.   Modern Critical Interpretations:   Stephan Crane's The Red Badge of Courage.   New Yourk:   Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Cody, Edwin H. Stephen Crane.   Revised Edition.   Boston:   Twayne Publishers, 1980. Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage.   Logan, IA:   Perfection Learning Corporation, 1979. Gibson, Donald B. The Red Badge of Courage:   Redefining the Hero.   Boston:   Twayne Publishers, 1988. Magill, Frank N., Magill's Survey:   American Literature Realism to 1945.   California:   Salem Press, Inc., 1963. Wolford, Chester L.   "Stephen Crane."   Critical Survey of Long Fiction.   Ed. Frank N. Magill.   English Language Series.   Vol. 2. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Salem Press, 1991      

Anti African American Racism

The end of the civil war with the surrender of the Confederate forces in 1965 brought an end to the institution of slavery. However the white majority of the South was unwilling to grant African-Americans the full rights of citizenship. Many African-Americans decided to move from the rural areas of the South, to the urban areas, especially those of the North, where they expected to find a more egalitarian social order. However a sudden increase in the African American population of cities exacerbated racial tensions.Riots, lynching and racist legislation by local and state governments became commonplace. From the 1890's to the 1920's, the United States underwent a dark period of racist violence and hatred in what has been termed the â€Å"nadir of race relations in America†. Disenfranchisement of Blacks Many of the influential whites of the South believed that denying all political power from African-Americans was crucial in order to maintain their economic superiority. Southe rn states and local governments continually aimed to undermine federal laws that guaranteed voting rights to African-Americans.A Mississippian writing to the Chicago Inter Ocean newspaper said: â€Å"It is a question of political economy which the people of the North can not realize nor understand and which they have no right to discuss as they have no power to determine. If the Negro is permitted to engage in politics his usefulness as a laborer is at an end. He can no longer be controlled or utilized. The South has to deal with him as an industrial and economic factor and is forced to assert its control over him in sheer self-defense. † (Love, 2009)African-Americans were in the majority in the Southern states of Mississippi, Louisiana and South Carolina, in several other states they formed a sizeable minority. The dominant white minority in those states fought the hardest to deny African-Americans their right to vote under one pretext or another. The mechanisms for denying African-Americans their voting rights were many, some were legal and others extra-legal. Legal artifices for denying African-Americans the vote included the levying of taxes and the requirements of passing certain tests (Klarman, 2004).Poll Taxes Several Southern states made payment of a poll tax; a fixed amount of money levied upon each person, a requirement for voting. State laws often required the payment of the tax, month before the election. Voters who fell behind in payment of the tax were denied the vote unless they paid all the cumulative tax they owed at once. As a result thousands of African-Americans, who were largely poor and lower class whites were disenfranchised (Love, 2009). English Literacy/Comprehension RequirementsSeveral states passed legislation requiring voters to be able to read and write in English, most African-Americans, poor whites and recent immigrants were disenfranchised through these laws. Other tests included oral comprehension tests, one such test, e nacted by the state of Mississippi, required voters to be able to understand parts of the state’s constitution. These tests were often administered in an unfair and arbitrary manner by local voting registrars who had absolute power to declare whoever they wished competent or incompetent to vote in the elections (Love, 2009).In order to prevent the disenfranchisement of their white supporters, white people were often exempted from the requirement of passing literacy/comprehension tests or paying poll taxes, this was done through the use of ‘Grandfather Clauses’ which automatically granted voting rights to a person whose grandfather had the right to vote. The enactment of the ‘grandfather clauses’ allowed poor whites to vote but blocked first or second generation freedmen (Logan, 1957). Residency RequirementsMany urbanized states, frightened by the appearance of large numbers of African-American immigrants from the rural South, enacted legislation requ iring voters to establish their residence in the state for an extended period of time before they were allowed to vote in the elections (Love, 2009). In order to prove an extended period of residency, voters had to show their tax records or other documents which necessitated at least some literacy, so the residency requirements worked much the same way as literacy tests (Logan, 1957).Printed Ballots The introduction of the modern printed ‘Australian’ ballot proved to be an impediment to the enfranchisement of African-Americans. Prior to its introduction, each political party printed its own ballots. Party workers would enter the polling stations with their own ballot papers which they would hand to their supporters. The handing out of the new ballots to voters was put in the hands of government officials, mostly linked to the Democratic Party and hostile to African-Americans.The ballot itself presented great difficulty to illiterate people, who were unable to correctly select the party of their choice and made mistakes which led to their votes being rejected (Love, 2009). White Primaries The voting rights laws were aimed primarily toward the national and local government elections. It was argued that political parties, not being government agencies were not required to extend the right to vote in their primary elections to African-Americans. The state of Texas, for example, passed legislation in 1923, forbidding blacks from voting in Democratic primaries.Since the Democratic Party had a virtual monopoly on the government in many Southern states, blocking African-Americans from the primary had, in real terms, the same effect as blocking them from national elections (Love, 2009). Bullying and Violence In addition to the legal artifices, several extra-legal methods were adopted in order to prevent African-Americans from voting. These included physical violence and threats of physical violence to induce African-Americans to stay away from the polling booths. Several white militias existed which had their roots in the former Confederate army.These militias often engaged in violence during election days. Republicans sought to counter the threat of violence by extending the voting time to several days and by seeking to allow voters to vote at any polling station within a precinct, while Southern Democrats would often seek to restrict the window of time available for voting and the location for casting a vote in order to increase the threat of violence in the minds of the African-American voters (Logan, 1957). The end result of all these legal and illegal tactics to prevent African-Americans from voting was that African-American voting numbers dropped sharply.In the state of Arkansas, for example, the voting participation rate for African-American voters dropped from over two-thirds to around one-third (Klarman, 2004). Segregation of Housing Several states and counties passed legislation preventing African-Americans from residing in certain localities which were deemed to be the exclusive preserve of Whites. In the famous Buchanan v. Warley (1917) case, the United States Supreme Court struck down as unconstitutional a city ordinance in Louisville Kentucky which enforced racial zoning of residential areas (Klarman, 2004).Even after residential segregation was deemed unconstitutional, the use of restrictive covenants prevented African-Americans from residing in several areas, the property owners of a location would simply refuse to sell or rent out their properties to African Americans (Logan, 1957). In other areas the threat of violence and harassment from the public and the police kept African-Americans out. Many small towns had unwritten rules, commonly termed the â€Å"Sunset Laws† which required all African-Americans to leave the town before sunset (Mann, 1993).Segregation of Schools Traditionally, it was common for there to be separate school facilities for African-American children, these schools w ere frequently underfunded and lacking in the facilities given to schools for white children. Educationally ambitious African-American parents would often seek to enroll their children in normal schools and not school built especially for African-American children, sometimes they would encounter sympathetic school administrators who would agree to enroll their children (Klarman, 2004).Many white parents did not want their children to interact with African-American children. In many localities laws were passed to prevent white and black children from studying in the same schools. The Kentucky legislature passed such a law in 1904, titled â€Å"An Act to prohibit white and colored persons from attending the same school. † Kentucky Democrat Carl Day, who introduced the legislation, justified it on the grounds that it would prevent the white children of Kentucky from being ‘contaminated' (Klarman, 2004).Segregation of the Means of Transport African-Americans were often prev ented from travelling in the better compartments of railway cars, in many localities segregation of White and Black passengers was made compulsory under law. Louisiana’s Act 111 passed in 1890 mandated separate accommodation for Blacks on railway cars. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the constitutionality of this law encouraging other states to enact similar laws (Klarman, 2004). Anti Miscegenation LegislationA large number of White people, feared the wished to ‘preserve the purity of the White race' by putting an end to racial mixing between Whites and all other races. Several localities instituted laws forbidding marriage. In the 1883 Pace v. Alabama case, the US Supreme Court upheld the Alabama laws against racial mixing as constitutionally valid (Spiro, 2008). In 1924, Virginia passed a comprehensive anti-miscegenation law called the Virginia Racial Integrity Act which defined a person as non-White even if a single great-gr andparent was non-White and classified intermarriage between Whites and non-Whites as a felony (Hashaw, 2007).A Maryland law imposed a sentence ranging from 18 months to 5 years in prison on a White woman who got pregnant as a result of ‘fornication with a negro' (Hashaw, 2007). Anti-miscegenation laws were enacted in most states at one time or another (Spiro, 2008). Anti-Black Rioting With the arrival of large numbers of unskilled African-American workers from the rural south, the supply of laborers often greatly exceeded the demand. Lower class urban Whites faced a new challenge in the form of the newly arrived African-Americans and other immigrants, who were often willing to work for smaller wages (Takaki, 1993).This conflict produced a number of violent, destructive and deadly riots throughout the cities of the United States. The White rioters would target not only the Black workers but also attack the white businesses and homes where Blacks found employment. In the 1908 r iots in Springfield Illinois, the Mayor received threatening letters demanding that he fire all Black policemen, firemen and janitors, several local businesses reported receiving letters threatening that their properties would be set on fire if they did not fire all Black employees or stop doing business with Blacks (De la Roche, 2008).Racism and White Identity During the years following the reconstruction, many European immigrant communities formerly rejected due to their religion or national origins were accepted into the fold of the White majority as a result of their joining the anti-Black cause. One such community were the Catholic German Immigrants to the South. Many German Catholics had volunteered to join the Union out of a disgust at the institution of slavery (Strickland, 2008). The Germans also had considerably less prejudice against intermarrying with Blacks and several such marriages have been recorded (Strickland, 2008).Prior to the Civil War, one of the reasons the Ge rman immigrants were regarded with distrust by the majority community was due to their practice of trading with Black slaves and selling them alcohol. However in the aftermath of the Reconstruction, the German Immigrant found that the best way to get accepted into the White majority was to adopt White supremacist and anti-Black rhetoric (Strickland, 2008). Lynching Despite their emancipation from slavery, the White majority expected Blacks to behave in subservient and deferential manner toward them.Any perceived lack of respect on the part of African-Americans would be met with violence. Often White mobs would attack Blacks who dared to try to vote or to own and farm their own land (Klarman, 2004). About a third of the lynchings were carried out against Black men accused of being insufficiently respectful or sexually expressive toward White woman or were alleged to have raped a White woman. The fear of Black males sexually assaulting White females reached had assumed the form of mas s hysteria (Dorr, 2004). Racist Militias and the Klu Klux KlanThe withdrawal of most of the troops from the South at the end of the reconstruction era allowed confederate veterans to form terrorist militias and engage in anti-Black violent activities. The most famous of these militias was the Klu Klux Klan which was aggressively prosecuted and suppressed by the Federal government in the 1870’s, other militias included the White League and the Redshirts. In the mid 1910’s a new surge in militia violence occurred, the Klu Klux Klan was reformed in 1915 and at the height of its popularity in the 1920’s claimed nearly 5 million members (Turner & Williams, 1982).The 1890’s – 1920’s era was a horrible period in American History. Anti-Black sentiment faded as anti-Nazi sentiment grew, and much of the ‘scientific racism’ that was used to justify anti African-American policies came to be associated with Hitler and Nazism. The full-fledge d participation of African Americans in the two world wars led to the desegregation of the military in 1948 which paved the way for the later general desegregation of society. References De la Roche, R. S. (2008). In Lincoln's Shadow: The 1908 Race Riot in Springfield, Illinois (2nd ed. ). Carbondale, IL: SIU Press. Dorr, L. L. (2004).White women, rape, and the power of race in Virginia, 1900-1960 (2nd Edition ed. ). Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. Hashaw, T. (2007). Children of Perdition: Melungeons and the Struggle of Mixed America. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. Klarman, M. J. (2004). From Jim Crow to civil rights: the Supreme Court and the struggle for racial equality. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, US. Logan, R. W. (1957). The Negro in the United States: a brief history. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand Co. Love, L. J. (2009). The Disfranchisement of the Negro. Charleston, SC: BiblioLife. Mann, C. R. (1993).Unequal justice: a question of colo r (2nd Edition ed. ). Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. Spiro, J. P. (2008). Defending the master race: conservation, eugenics, and the legacy of Madison Grant. Lebanon, NH: UPNE. Strickland, J. (2008). How the Germans Became White Southerners: German Immigrants and African Americans in Charleston, South Carolina, 1860-1880. Journal of American Ethnic History , 52-69. Takaki, R. (1993). A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. Turner, J. J. , & Williams, R. (1982). The Ku Klux Klan, a history of racism and violence. Allentown, PA: Klanwatch.

Child Obesity essays

Child Obesity essays Childhood obesity is more prevalent today than ever before. Our children for the future are being failed. Healthy living needs to be taken more seriously. More and more households have both parents working full-time jobs to provide shelter, food, and clothing for their families. Providing the basic necessities is not enough for a healthy family. Parents need to become more involved with their child's life. Child obesity has been medically proven to increase the risk of long-term life altering illnesses. A more positive role by our nations parents should be taken to lead our children to a healthier future. "Typically children who are about 25 lbs. above their ideal body weight are considered overweight, and those 40-50 lbs. above their ideal body weight are considered obese." (Strauss 2). To determine if a child is considered obese or over weight a family doctor factors in the child's age, sex, and body build. The total number of fat cells in the body is the major factor in causing obesity. Each individual person has a unique number of fat cells in their body. Fat cells reproduce during early childhood and puberty of ones life cycle. Once fat cells have been created there is no way to reduce them. Eating unhealthy amounts and types of food during reproduction of these fat cells along with low physical activity will cause more cells to reproduce. Therefore, it is critical that a person is eating the right types and amounts of food and getting the right amount of physical activity during these stages of his/her life. Food provides the major source of energy the body needs to function. If the input (intake of food) is greater than the output (physical activity) excess body fat will be stored in the fat cells, which causes obesity. Energy that is not used by the body will be stored as fat. The imbalance of energy can be caused by genetic and environmental factors. "Genetic differences account for 25-40 percent obesity...

buy custom The Wingfields, A Case of a Dysfunctional Family essay

buy custom The Wingfields, A Case of a Dysfunctional Family essay Authors of fiction works are known for their creative in taking the reader to a world of their own where reality does not abode. However, this phenomenon is not common to all literary works as some allude so much to reality that the reader is tempted to take the work as non-fictional were it not for the eminent features of fictitiousness. Take for instance when a playwright writes a play that is almost a replica of his or her autobiography. In this case, many are left wondering where to classify this work; is it fictional or a nonfictional. Such is the case with a play written by Tennessee Williams in 1937. This play, The Glass Menagerie is a representation of the type of life Williams led. This essay however is not interested with the auto fictiveness of the play but what it addresses. From a careful study of this play, one theme is very dominant; the state of a dysfunctional family. This paper is based on my thesis that; The Glass Menagerie is a critic of a dysfunctional family. This is a memory play narrated by one of the characters, Tom who doubles as a narrator and an actor. Tom is an ambitious poet who works in a shoe warehouse. Other characters in the play include Amanda, Toms mother, Laura, sister to Tom, Mr. Winfield, husband to Amanda and father to Tom and Laura and finally Tim OConnor, a friend to Tom. Such a simple family and one wonder what goes wrong in the play to warrant it a prototype of a dysfunctional family. The conflict in the story is set from the beginning by the description of the setting. I am alluding to the postcard portraying Mr. Wingfields picture on the wall of the living room, which also serves as the bedroom for Laura. Mr. Wingfield as we learn from the play ran off years ago and his role in this play is made manifest by the postcard. This is the first evidence that the text provides for a dysfunctional family. Mrs. Wingfield and her children have grown knowing Mr. Wingfield as passive figure in the background of their every day endeavors. This is in contrast to what a typical family man should be regardless of whatever society one hails from. How can a father who is supposed to be the breadwinner of the family flee away leaving the family in desperation? Whatever reasons Mr. Wingfield may have had for his flight, they are altogether unjustified by whatever means. This single act of a man of a man apparently fleeing his duties has numerous repercussions to the characters left behind as the whole play revolves around all the anomalies a family without a father-figure to serve as a mentor possesses. This paper will single each of these repercussions. This will be achieved by examining the misery life led by each of the characters left behind. If there is any one who was primarily affected by the fleeing of Mr., Winfield, then it must be her wife, Amanda. Amanda has been forced to double roles as a caring mother, disciplinarian and role model to her two children. This as led to a life of conflict in opinions between her and the children. This apparently has overburdened her and she sometimes goes overboard to overdo her roles. The results of this have been more damaging than constructive. Take for instance Laura, her daughter who suffers from pleurosis and has a crippled leg. Amanda goes out of way her to enroll Laura in a college to expose her to social life and hence fight her shyness. Does this work? Unfortunately, no! Laura ends up dropping out of the college and goes for movies and adventure tours to avoid being discovered she is not in college. How is her father to blame for this? Laura testifies that her father was so caring to her and thus we can deduce on this ground that her self-esteem would have been boosted if her father being around. After all, girls are believed to be more close to their fathers than to their mothers. Maybe if Mr. Wingfield had devised this plan, it might have worked given the amount of confidence Laura had bestowed upon him. When this plan of enrolling Laura to a college failed, Amanda came up with a lasting solution to the shyness of her daughter. She determined to get her married. To this, she enquired from Tom if Laura had any suitors. The answer was obvious given the nature of her daughter. Amanda once again was not short of options. She portrays a character of willingness to sacrifice for her daughter, a phenomenon unparalleled elsewhere in the play. She subjects herself to humiliation by engaging in subscription sales in a magazine to see through Lauras marriage prospects. This she does with no word of complaint (Tennessee, p 1432). This may be regarded as an act of a caring mother concerned about the future of daughter. On the other hand, it is depiction of Amandas over-protective measures against her children. All this boils down to a missing link in the childrens upbringing especially given that Amanda is bringing them up single-handedly. Another flaw that taints this family and makes it a dysfunctional is the frequent mother-son quarrels that are characteristic of Amanda and Tom. Though the blame may fall on Amanda for her nagging attitude, Tom has his part to play too. The play states categorically that Tom has an indifferent attitude towards his mother and sister. He does not, at any particular scene of the play, portray kindness to her sister or mother, not even when he has broken the formers glass menagerie. Like father like son, the old adage goes. Tom, just like his father is an alcoholic who apparently withdraws to alcoholism to escape his worries. His father, as evident from the fact that he escaped his family, is a perfect example of an escapist. Therefore, Toms plans of leaving his family may have stemmed from his father. This is because of the burden Tom has of parenting. His mother bestows the task of taking care of his sister with him after which Tom may go his ways. This is a phenomenon common with alcoholic families in whiich the older child is charged with the duty of parenting (Parker p.143). In this context, Tom, although not the older of the two had to take the place of his fled-father. This was attributed to the fact that Laura wads handicapped and thus could not take that role. This causes an outburst between Tom and his mother. Another characteristic which was evident in this dysfunctional family and which has its root in the absentee father is the lack of emotion and love obviously evident here. Once again as with the case of child parenting, this is a phenomenon not peculiar in alcoholic families. This is caused primarily by the amount of pressure amounted to the parent who is non-alcoholic. The latter is so much stressed that he or she has no time for the children. This in return, results to feelings of anger, resentment, guilt and blame. There is no better example like the one depicted by Amanda in every conversation he had with her son Tom. The frequent outbursts can be attributed to this pressure. In an effort to cover this disposition, Amanda adopted an attitude of over-protecting her children, a strategy that worked against her. In order to survive this entire trauma, children of dysfunctional homes use escapism strategies to cope with the chaos and pain ever-present in the family. This is evident in the play in the case of Toms alcoholism. Laura is also not left behind. She spends hours with her menagerie, identifying with the unicorn and listening to her old records. Such an environment provides refuge for her while alcoholism on the other hand soothes Tom. Just like their father, the two do not face the reality and find escape in different ways. Williams succeeds in painting to us the true picture of a dysfunctional family. Traits common to this family and to extension all the other families of its kind are attitudes of rigidity, repressed, and twisted emotions. Another trait common with such families is reverence for past traditions that prove detrimental in the present contexts. For instance, the efforts of Amanda to raise money for the marriage arrangements of her daughter are futile. She thinks that just like her time, she should have attracted many suitors by now and therefore she goes out of her way to make efforts on her behalf to have some. All these coping attitudes are adopted with the sole aim of maintaining integrity, cohesion and a degree of sanity in the family. Nevertheless, this does not bind them. The thread of it is well; creating fantasies, making excuses and a general avoidance cement such families. In conclusion, this play apart from painting the picture of a dysfunctional family also gives as an intrigue in the life of William. In fact, it is considered by critics as the most autobiographical of his work. Having grown in an alcoholic family, he had first hand experience with what it meant to hail from such backgrounds, a phenomenon he has successfully represented in The Glass Menagerie. Buy custom The Wingfields, A Case of a Dysfunctional Family essay

Effects of advertisement for childeren and youth Research Paper

Effects of advertisement for childeren and youth - Research Paper Example Unfortunately, while these are normally targeting adult’s children who often have unrestricted or unsupervised access to TV, this becomes collateral damage when exposed to the many sexually insinuative adverts out there. Take an example of Gucci it runs among others a commercial with a picture of a half-naked man with a woman on her knees at his feet in magazines accessible to children (Poulton, 2011). According to the longitudinal carried out in 2009 and presented to the pediatric societies, children exposure to sexual content on TV makes them more likely to become sexually active early and hence run a greater risk of sexually transmitted diseases (Morris, 2011). Moreover, another negative aspect of TV commercials on children is that they can encourage bad behaviors such as drug and alcohol abuse as well as violence. Camel cigarettes was under fire recently when a cigarette commercial was claimed to target teen age girls, in the one of the ads was a picture of a little, classic, black dress and fashion accessories, juxtaposed with a patent leather cigarette case. This could clearly have attracted the attention of teenage girls who would normally associate with the most of the aforementioned items (Boyles, n.d). This and such commercials others portraying violence and other conventionally antisocial behavior are likely to negatively influence children. Nonetheless, not all adverts are negative and several of them actually play an important role in informing and educating children on per tin tissues such as health and even sexuality. Condom adverts for instance are known to have a negative effect on teens, however, the upside is they provide information on safe sex, and this information is very important to keep help them protect themselves should they decide to have sex anyway. Ultimately, it is the collective duty of parents and TV and advertising firms to keep children safe form the adverts that

International Commercial Disputes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International Commercial Disputes - Essay Example (Armstrong, K; Fire of Asia; Allied Publication; 2004; page 98) Commercial dispute arbitration on an international scale would entail interesting specifics. The Encyclopaedia Britannica would state that the art of international arbitration began between the United States and Great Britain approximately in the year 1794 in order for America to build a sound national economy and ensure commercial prosperity. The pursuit of international negotiations led to the creation of the Jay Treaty. This treaty, regardless of its extremely controversial nature and the nation's outrage, passed the senate at President Washington's urging. Commercial dispute arbitration, as can be seen just in early American developments, would in fact bring interesting considerations to light. The evolution of commercial dispute arbitration has in fact become something of an incredible undertaking. This would be undeniable in light of the vast number of often daily changes involved in international business relations and political and social contexts worldwide. In the realm of judgments managed in arbitral situations the International Law Association, which was founded in 1873 utilizes definitions of public policy including international public policy and public policy. Public policy would be those moral, social or economic considerations which would in fact be applied by various courts as grounds for refusal to enforce arbitral awards whether they are domestic or foreign. International public policy would in fact be public policy applied by state courts in regard to foreign awards in place of domestic awards. This is a much narrower focus than public policy would be. Yet again, there is reason to clarify that international public policy should not be confused with what i s known as transnational public policy. (Gower, N D and Banerjee, S; Good Governance: a Look into the Future of International balance; Alliance Publishers; 2004; page 12) Transnational, or in most cases, truly international public policy would be those principles that represent international consensus in regard to universal standards and includes accepted norms of conduct which must always apply. Transnational public policy comprises the fundamental rules of law, jus cogens in public international law, the principles of universal justice, and the general principles of morality accepted by those nations referred to as "civilised." The various conventions in regard to international law would be the New York Convention of 1958, the Geneva Convention of 1927, the Panama Convention of 1975, the Riyadh Convention in 1983, and the 1965 Washington Convention. There have been various national laws to affect arbitration including the UNCITRAL Model Law, the OHADA Uniform Act, and state legislation. The UNCITRAL Model Law would owe its origins to a request the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee made in 1977. The reasoning behind the development of UNCITRAL would be a consideration by the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee which maintained there was a lack of uniformity in national courts approaches to award enforcement. This is where harmonisation of enforcement practices was necessary in States enforcement practices. The committee also concluded that there must be judicial control of the