How temperature affects resistance on a piece of wire Essay Example for Free

How temperature affects resistance on a piece of wire Essay Graph: When I come to collect my results I will need to plot a graph, I shall plot temperature (i C) along the X-Axis and Resistance (? ) along the Y-Axis Safety: To keep my experiment safe I need to be safe around the kettle, to do this I will wear goggles to avoid hot water splattering into my face, make sure I have a decent sized work area so no-one knocks the kettle over. I will keep the batteries away from the water to keep them from short circuiting. Method: 1. Get a piece of enameled copper wire and cut it to a length of 10m using wire cutters. 2. Strip the enamel of each end with wet and dry paper 3. Check a current runs through the wire 4. Assemble the circuit as per the circuit diagram 5. Get ice in the water and lower the temperature as low as possible, take the first reading 6. Add hot water and take readings up until 100 i C (if possible) 7. Repeat the experiment after disassembling it and using new leads, multi meters, crocodile clips etc. Conclusion: The graph displays a strong linear correlation which is directly proportional: the higher the temperature, the higher the resistance. This is because as the temperature increases the atoms gain more energy meaning they vibrate more which leads to the atoms crystal lattice absorbing electrons thus making it harder for electrons to travel through the copper wire. The gradient of the line of best fit (on the hand drawn graph) is 1. 07645 this tells us that equation of the line is: y = 1. 07645x +c (the intercept) My data shows me that the data could support a few lines of best fit, I have used excel to plot a scatter graph using the mean from all 3 sets of data and have used a logarithmic trend line which is obviously far better than just drawing one The equation for this trend line is: Y = 0. 0203x + 5. 0224 The Equation for my trend line (on my hand drawn graph) is: Y= 0. 025036 This tells us that mine is probably a bit too steep compared to the one on the computer. The error bars are quite large, this tells us that my recordings were not very accurate or each time I changed the equipment the resistance in the wires etc varied a lot (I believe this to be the case). However for each set of data the differences between temperatures seem to be quite similar so I believe my method was quite reliable. I plotted a line graph on excel, for each line the data was 1 set of results, I wanted to see how the equations differed. This gave me a good idea of how reliable the results were. 1st set of data: y = 0. 0204x + 5. 0838 2nd set of data: y = 0. 0207x + 4. 976 3rd set of data: y = 0. 02x + 5. 0074 The gradients are very similar to each other and are only a couple of decimal places off each other. This shows that the repeats were very reliable. The intercepts are quite close to each other, not as near as the gradients but pretty good thus meaning the measurements were precise. Evaluation: The equipment I used is only accurate to a certain degree and higher precision and accurate equipment could be obtained but obviously this is not available to me. A water bath for getting the temperature spot on would of increased precision of the readings. A more expensive multimeter would probably be more accurate in its reading due to its better calibration. The techniques I used allow for precise results however I think the enamel on the copper wire needs to be fully removed to the point where the wire has zero enamel on it as it might affect resistance; to do this I could use a Bunsen to burn it all off. My graphs show me the error bars are quite large in places and small in others, this means that my results have not been very precise in the middle range of the graph, at the 2 extremities the range bars are very small and precise. I believe there is an anomalous result at the 80 i C Result it seems to be very off from the rest of the results, none of the range bars are even on the line. With better experiment technique and better equipment Im sure that the results would be much more precise. It would be interesting to cool the copper wire to its critical temperature thus demonstrating superconductivity. Unfortunately copper is not a superconductor this is because copper electrons cannot cooper pair because coppers tightly packed lattice constrains the vibrations needed for cooper pairing to take place. These characteristics are also displayed in gold and silver. According to the trend line calculated from the means copper would be no conductivity at -247i C it would be interesting to test to see if there is any resistance at this temperature adding this to a the graph. I think it would have been better to have a larger range of results so maybe 100i. C to 100i C using liquid nitrogen to cool it down to that temperature. This would be at 20i C increments. I am quite confident in saying that my conclusion is accurate in the point that it declares that resistance is affected by temperature in a directly proportional way. The precision of my instruments makes me doubt the exact measurements I have taken, the thermometer is accurate to i 1i C. The multimeter is accurate to i 1mA however I highly doubt its precision (i. e. its not calibrated accurately).

Advancement of Civic Engagement by Community Foundations in Low Income

The role of civic engagement in neighborhood revitalization, particularly in low income African American communities, has gained increased awareness and in recent years. Community, nonprofit, and government leaders now view civic engagement as a critical component of effective solutions as they seek to address crime, unemployment, low graduation rates and numerous other neighborhood challenges. Several successful initiatives have come to fruition and provide strong evidence of the benefits that increased civic engagement provides. Experts commonly define civic engagement as individual and group actions that collectively address general issues of concern that are public in nature. Civic engagement takes many forms such volunteerism, community organizing, and involvement in public policy and political issues. Individuals and community residents can express civic engagement through a variety of activities including participating in neighborhood associations, communicating with elected officials, and volunteering for local nonprofits. Golod (2008) analyzed the Southside Family Charter School located in Minneapolis, MN which serves as a prime example of early civic engagement. Students enrolled in the school reside in a low income community that is close to 50% African American. To improve civic engagement of students and parents, school administrators have developed lesson plans with a focus on civil rights. As a result, the community is preparing a new generation of residents focused on improving their community who follow in the footsteps of parents serving in volunteer capacities and as strong neighborhood activists. The McCormick Foundation recently demonstrated a commitment to civic engagement here in Chicago by ... ...are: Pushing the boundaries of civic engagement for african american youth. Liberal Education, 97(2), 34-39. Golod, F. (2008). Civil rights and social justice: A path to engagement and transformation. Horace, 24(3), 6. Grillo, M.,C., Teixeira, M. A., & Wilson, D. C. (2010). Residential satisfaction and civic engagement: Understanding the causes of community participation. Social Indicators Research, 97(3), 451-466. Kimball, K., & Kopell, M. (2011). Letting GO. Stanford Innovation Review, 9(2), 37- 41. Maton, K. I. (2008). Empowering community settings: Agents of individual development, community betterment, and positive social change. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(1-2), 4-21. Tester, G., Ruel, E., Anderson, A., Reitzes, D. C., & Oakley, D. (2011). Sense of place among atlanta public housing residents. Journal of Urban Health, 88(3), 436-53.

Principles of Marketing: Individual Assignment Essay

‘Healthcare Marketing: What is Salient? ’ was written by Mary J. Kay from School of Business, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA. The purpose of the research is to develop a perspective on what is â€Å"salient† or critical to the discipline of healthcare marketing by analyzing and contrasting the consumer perspective with the organizational perspective. Based on the research report, in a complex institutional environment there is an existence of healthcare marketing. The difference of healthcare system in organizational and business structure significantly affect many priorities. In healthcare system, marketing significantly affect it. Thus, marketing are important and can play a role in the healthcare system – it provide the healthcare service and at the same time aiding the health information for consumer. The healthcare organizations usually will face many types of marketing problems due to organization and technology issues; and changes of health problem. So, this research discussed about the salient issues that are faced by healthcare marketing practitioner through contrasting it with consumer or patient perspective to the organizational perspective. From the consumer viewpoint, healthcare issues are important for them. The salient issues are framed in terms of cost and quality. The consumers are depending upon ‘trusted experts’ to evaluate the quality of the health services. The consumers need the quality of health services since they do not have any knowledge regarding the quality of health services. In their health decision, they are reluctant to accept lower quality of health services. Thus, critical or life-sustaining care should never be perceived by healthcare organizations because if they do, it will put a risk to organization’s reputation. For many critical treatment choices, consumer or patient always confront a lack of accessible of information to decide which brings the most benefits for them. In addition, there are many advanced technology that made new choices in testing that contribute to further decision dilemma. Also, choice is increasingly constrained by increasing in health insurance plans or national health programs. Thus, consumers need assistance to understand the critical components of medical care and regarding their decision. The pricing of the healthcare services is usually frustrating from the consumer perspective. High billings are especially troubling to the consumer or patients. Without a doubt, the quality, cost, and effectiveness of healthcare systems are complex interrelated matters that are difficult to understand. From the healthcare organization viewpoint which also involves doctors and staff, they are the ones who work harder to provide quality service, armed with medical knowledge and faced changing medical procedures. Quality is the main healthcare organizational priority but priority can be manifested differently in different healthcare organizations. The problems in fulfilling the demand of quality are difficult. There is some way that improving healthcare quality which is the doctor can be guided by good scientific practices which can be called as ‘evidence-based medicine’. But, there is a problem regarding this because of complexity of medical knowledge. Another way to improve the quality of healthcare services is by scientifically weighs the efficacy of differing treatment regimes. Through the system, the doctors are compulsory to utilize scientific databases that provide accurate information as to which treatments are working or not. Next, the quality priority shift due to technology advance. By advancing technology, the health priorities change as the root causes of health problems and new health threats come to light. Marketing for healthcare organizations is only managing the perception of quality by responding to customer satisfaction concerns. But, organizations also need to optimize real health outcomes. The quality of healthcare organizations needs to be understood in the scope of rising costs and changing treatment regimes. There are many issues related to medical industrial complex or can be describe as medical system. Firstly, issues according to positioning and resistance to change. ‘Affordable care’ is now the marketing buzzword used to justify any new ways in healthcare. This ‘affordable care’ is proposed by the government or politician. As the players in the medical system increased, it’s hard to change. The importance of strategies to develop a political consensus among the fragmented players in the healthcare system is apparent. As institutional processes and bureaucratic procedures become entrenched, healthcare systems are even more difficult to change. As a consequence, healthcare marketing, especially the type that would usefully improve health outcomes has become complicated by systemic problems due to the structure of the healthcare system. Next issues are about systemic problems. The systemic problems of healthcare can be examining through spending figure. Healthcare costs are higher due to the wage requirement. As an example in United State, the doctors are paid much more than their counterparts in other countries. Medical test and procedures are employed more frequently. USA is the major profit centre for pharmaceutical companies, who are able to price their products higher due to any lack of price controls. As medical costs are shifted to hospitals, the effect is to raise costs to other services as the burden is shifted to paying customers. As the cost is rising, it leads to many effects. The effects are health insurers and health management groups do not necessarily improve the overall the efficiency of the healthcare system. Market solutions are not apparent when it comes to healthcare. Thus, there is a dilemma in health reform. In the prospects for healthcare marketing, it has certain important contribution. There are two broad healthcare marketing problems which are relevant that would stand a chance of improving healthcare. The first is the important problem of consumer access to information that would improve patient healthcare decision-making. The second is the problem of the organizational diffusion of information which providing better access to â€Å"evidence-based medicine† to improve healthcare practice. Better publicizing treatment information and setting standards could improve healthcare and the role of marketing to positively affect health outcomes through promoting awareness of disease prevention measures is highly important. Some changing also may lead to the cost and organizational problems. Target marketing, specialization and fragmentation are important in maximizing health outcomes. The discipline of marketing provides tools and techniques for companies to profitably target consumer segments. Certain healthcare organizations have been able to profitably and effectively maximize the quality of outcomes for particular patient groups and in the process, have become increasingly specialized. However, as the healthcare system grows fragmented and specialized, issues of both cost and quality have been raised. Through DTC advertising and new marketing concerns, the educational quality of DTC can motivate discussions that enhance visit efficiency, patient/physician trust, patient satisfaction, or health outcomes. They found that while consumer attitudes are largely neutral, physician are usually negative, being distrustful of pharmaceutical promotions. There is new challenge in healthcare marketing. But, there are also ways to facing it. Public awareness of marketing campaigns can have an important impact. Given the behavioural aspects of many health problems, however, promotions alone can have limited effectiveness. Persuading people to change behaviours is a much more difficult problem than informing them about risks. Moreover, funding for better health awareness needs to be reconsidered as a public spending priority. Consumers (and their employers or insurers) make healthcare decisions within quasi-market system, and better access to salient healthcare information is clearly needed. Organizations clearly need to critically review treatment delivery systems to avoid mistakes and improve quality. Both consumers and healthcare organizations would benefit from more transparent systems to support healthcare decisions. The marketing challenge in healthcare is to develop and sustain better healthcare relationships for consumers. In my opinion, the marketing in healthcare systems is very significant due to its important role in providing the healthcare service also aiding the health information for consumer. In addition, healthcare organizations usually will face many types of marketing issues and problems as organizations, technologies health problem keep shifting and changing. The healthcare industry should engage in new thinking in understanding about their customers. They should find inspiration from other industries by scrutinizing the competition, health reform, consumer demands or the way they get to know their customers, moving beyond basic transactions and embracing their patients. Several service industries outside of healthcare are helping shape healthcare consumer experiences and expectations. Today’s technologically savvy consumers prefer to do their own research when selecting a doctor, investigating treatment options, and making major health care decisions. Targeted marketing also enables organizations to tailor communications to each stage of the member relationship. By identifying customer needs and be more prepared for the challenges and focused on raising the benefits of the healthcare services would markedly result in customer satisfaction and loyalty. Such situation can be illustrated by the recent big news when famous actress Angelina Jolie announced in a New York Times op-ed article on Tuesday 14 May 2013 that she underwent a preventive double mastectomy after learning that she carries a mutation of the BRCA1 gene, which sharply increases her risk of developing breast cancer and ovarian cancer. She signifies the empowered patient by deciding to be proactive in her health decision making!

Role Of Public Administrators During Protecting Civil...

Role of Public Administrators in Protecting Civil Liberties My overall reaction to the article written by Greenblatt, (2013), surrounding free speech was that of dismay because I would think that people would know what to say and what not to say. However, after reading the article, clearly with cyberspace it opens up several doors for hate speech, it opens door for people to just say anything without thought of being offensive or not, hateful or not, just because they can say it. According to Carter, (2012) there are positive and negative liberties. The article references free will and autonomy as it relates to two distinct kinds of liberty. They can be viewed in the political realm and seen as rival, incompatible interpretation of a single political ideal. As such with â€Å"freedom of speech†. Further, the article discusses political liberalism idea of liberty is that one claim to be in favor of a liberty then they should oppose limitations on activities of the state. The opposing view (negative) is the pursuit of liberty is self-realization or self-determination and can require state intervention which is not normally allowed by liberals. In essence it is about interference and who is at liberty to do whatever without interference. Looking at freedom of speech from this lens I would say collectively what is best? Though, In the US, we supposedly have freedom of speech supposedly that too is limited. There are certain things that I cannot say post 911. If I tweet orShow MoreRelatedDemocracy And The American Dream1358 Words   |  6 Pagesthe whole population of a state, typically through elected members. The original idea of democracy that America’s Founding Fathers promoted has shifted throughout the years. America was founded on the principles of freedom and liberty and many of these freedoms and liberties are being stripped away, or are at risk of being stripped away, by the American government. 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